ECOSSISTEMAS COSTEIROS VEGETADOS: PERCEPÇÃO AMBIENTAL DOS USUÁRIOS DO LITORAL NORTE DO BRASIL

Rory Romero de Sena Oliveira¹, Danielly Brito de Oliveira²

roryengpesca.s@gmail.com

¹Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil

²Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Instituto de Estudos do Xingu, São Félix do Xingu, Brazil

Resumo: As formações vegetais litorâneas brasileiras são caracterizadas, principalmente, por áreas de apicum, marismas e florestas de manguezais. Tais vegetações são consideradas “ecossistemas-chaves”, devido a conectividade com ecossistemas adjacentes, proporcionando funcionalidade ótima, e ainda favorecendo uma infinidade de organismos e de pessoas que os utilizam. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de conhecimento e de percepção ambiental a cerca das vegetações costeiras (i.e., mangues, marismas e apicum) entre os frequentadores da região norte do Brasil. O questionário semiestruturado utilizado foi dividido em três partes relacionadas com: I) informações pessoais, II) comportamento em relação aos problemas ambientais observados, e III) percepção ecológica desses problemas. Um total de 70 pessoas responderam ao questionário online, dentre esses 50% são usuários frequentes das praias do norte brasileiro, 35.7% raramente frequentam, e 14.5% nunca foram ao litoral norte. Os resultados demonstram que uma parcela significativa dos frequentadores do litoral norte entrevistados, desconhecia ações educativas para evitar ou minimizar os impactos ambientais nas praias, principalmente, para os habitats vegetados. Palavras-chave: descarte impróprio; praias arenosas; fauna associadas; educação ambiental; Costa Amazônica

Abstract: The Brazilian coastal plant formations are mainly characterized by areas of apicum, saltmarshes and mangroves. Such vegetation are considered “key ecosystems”, due to the connectivity with adjacent ecosystems, providing optimal functionality, and still favoring a multitude of organisms and people who use them. Aim of the study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and environmental perception about coastal vegetation (i.e., mangroves, saltmarshes and apicum) among visitors to the northern region of the Brazil. The semi-structured questionnaire used was divided into three parts related to: I) personal information, II) behavior in relation to the observed environmental problems, and III) ecological perception of these problems. A total of 70 people answered the online questionnaire, among which 50% are frequent users of the beaches in the north of Brazil, 35.7% rarely go there, and 14.5% have never been to the north coast. The results show that a significant portion of the people interviewed on the north coast was unaware of educational actions to avoid or minimize environmental impacts on the beaches, especially for vegetated habitats. Keywords: improper disposal; sandy beaches; faunal associations; environmental education; Amazon coast

Introduction

Coastal zone is characterized by high exchange between adjacent systems (e.g., mainland, fluvial zones, estuaries and the sea), where the mixture of dissolved materials promote high productivity in the different available habitats and consequently diverse ecological services to the fauna (SCHMIEGELOW, 2004; FRANCO et al., 2007; FONTELES-FILHO, 2011). This perspective makes us believe that biodiversity patterns are static and stable, however, small variations can significantly affect the establishment of the community and consequently its final biodiversity (PETCHEY; GASTON, 2002; COX; MOORE, 2013; MAGNUSSON et al., 2016).

The Brazilian coastline has an extension of ~ 7 408 km, characterized by the heterogeneity and complexity of ecosystems that can vary between rocky shores, bays, estuaries, cliffs, islands, among others, occupied by a floristic diversity linked to the morphostratigraphic characteristics of the different local and/or regional depositional environments (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989; CIMA, 1991; BERRÊDO et al., 2008; FONTELES-FILHO, 2011; SANTOS et al., 2016).

According to SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI (1989), Brazilian coastal plant formations are characterized mainly by areas of apicum, salt marshes and mangrove forests. Apicuns are transitional arboreal vegetation and/or succession of mangroves, resulting from the deposition of sand, usually presenting hypersaline soils. While the marshes are specific herbaceous vegetation (i.e., belonging to the genus Spartina), exposed to the coastline in punctual intertidal patches (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989; SCHMIDT et al., 2013). Mangrove forests are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, occupying saline or brackish muddy environments governed by the tidal cycle, yet they are recognized for their ecological importance as a nursery for several species, however, this is only one of the services offered (FAUNCE; SERAFY, 2006; MENEZES et al., 2008; MENEZES; MEHLIG, 2009). Such vegetation, mainly mangroves, are considered “key ecosystems” by many institutions (e.g., Mundial Banc – BIRD and FAO), due to connectivity with adjacent ecosystems providing its optimal functionality (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989; FAO, 2017). However, despite approximately 75% of mangroves being present in various parts of the globe (i.e., 15 countries), only 6.9% of these forests are protected by the network of protected areas and at least 50% of them have already been lost (IUCN I-IV; KELLEHER et al., 1995; GIRI et al., 2011). FAO (2017), consider that the degradation of these vegetation can provide a significant increase in the probability of extreme weather events turning into disasters for the affected communities and the economy, especially with regard to the sustainability of food systems and the ability to meet their food demands.

In Brazil, the first protective norm for mangrove areas, for example, dates from February 4, 1577, a Regime edited by the Portuguese Crown so that tannin extraction (substance taken from the bark of mangrove trees, responsible for dyeing fabrics and leather) did not suffer scarcity (ICMBIO, 2018). The law 12,651 of 2012 conferred the title of permanent preservation areas to mangroves and sandbanks -APP (ICMBIO, 2018). However, these areas were severely impacted by anthropic actions, especially the mangroves, to the detriment of port developments, disordered urban growth, tourism, agriculture, aquaculture and industry, with emphasis on the northeast and southeast regions of Brazil (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989; MENEZES; MEHLIG, 2009; ICMBIO, 2018; PELAGE et al., 2019). So far, the Amazonian mangroves can be considered preserved in relation to other regions, a fact that is probably due to the great distances and the difficult access to the interior of these (MENEZES et al., 2008; MENEZES; MEHLIG, 2009).

Studies involving Brazilian coastal vegetation, especially mangroves, are generally focused on biological or biogeochemical processes related to distribution patterns of organisms and flora, or even ecological modeling and local management (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989; BERRÊDO et al., 2008). In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and environmental perception about coastal vegetation (i.e., mangroves, saltmarshes, and apicum) among visitors to the northern region of Brazil. We believe that people's conscious relationship with the environment is a permanent and constant process that encompasses values, knowledge, experiences and determination to solve and/or avoid environmental problems in a way that they do not affect or influence their community ^{(MACEDO et al., 2003}; ^{FERREIRA et al., 2020)}.

Methods

The coastal strip of the Northern Brazilian region extends from the Oiapoque Bay (northern end of the Amapá; 4°26'N and 51°31'W) at the mouth of the Gurupi river (northern end of the Pará; 1°05'S and 46°03'W), making up about ~ 964 km of coastline in a straight line, intersected by estuaries and bays. This region is characterized by the semidiurnal macrotidal regime (ranges up 4 to 7.5 m), subject to well-defined seasons, such as the wet season from January to June (> 2300 mm) and a dry period from July to December (< 50 mm), and average air temperatures around 26°C (SOUZA-FILHO, 2005; INMET, 2021). Such characteristics favor the culture of recreational tourism on this coast in its ~ 448 beaches (415 beaches with attractive potential in the state of Pará and 33 in Amapá, mainly during the dry season in the region (SANTOS et al., 2016; SETUR, 2021).

The northern coastal region of Brazil is densely occupied by several plant species, such as: mangroves (Rhizophora mangle, R. racemosa, R. harrisonii, Avicennia germinans, A. schaueriana, and Laguncularia racemosa, the saltmarshes (Spartina alterniflora and S. brasiliensis), transition plants (Sporobolus virginicus, Mandevilla sp.) between others (for more details see MENEZES et al., 2008).

The semi-structured questionnaire used was divided into three parts related to: I) personal information, II) behavior in relation to the observed environmental problems, and III) ecological perception of these problems. It was made available from January to July 2022 through an online electronic form through social networks or email (platform Google Forms; GOOGLE, 2022).

Results

A total of 70 people answered the online questionnaire, among which 50% (35 people) are frequent users of the beaches in the north of Brazil, 35.7% (25 people) rarely visit, and 14.5% (10 people) had never been to the north coast. There were 19 beaches (Figure 1) distributed in six host cities, namely: Macapá – AP, Belém – PA (Islands of Outeiro, Cotijuba and Mosqueiro), Marajó Island- PA, Marudá – PA, Salinópolis - PA, and Bragança – PA (Figure 2).

Figure 1 - Location of beaches frequently used for recreational purposes by respondents on the northern Brazilian coast. Beach locations are indicated by numbers: 1 – Fazendinha (Macapá), 2 – Joanes, 3 – Pesqueiro (Marajó Island), 4 – Vai quem quer (Cotijuba Island), 5- Amor (Outeiro Island), 6 – Prainha, 7 – Farol, 8 – Chapeu Virado, 9 – Murubira, 10 – São Francisco, 11 – Maraú, 12 – Paraiso (Mosqueiro Island), 13 – Marudá, 14 – Princesa (Algodoal Island), 15 – Corvina, 16 – Maçarico, 17 – Farol Velho, 18 – Atalaia (Salinópolis), and 19 – Ajuruteua (Bragança).

Figure 2 - Main cities that host the beaches frequented by respondents on the northern Brazilian Coast (percentage), 2022.

As for the general profile of respondents, 43 (61.4%) are female and 27 (38.6%) male. Considering the level of education, respondents with complete higher education predominated (64.3%, 45 users), followed by incomplete higher education (12.9%, 9), complete secondary education (11.4%, 8), incomplete secondary education (2.9%, 2), and others (8.6%, 6).

Beach users interviewed pointed out garbage as the main common problem on frequented beaches, followed by sewage and lack of infrastructure near or on the beach, such as bathrooms (Table 1). Additionally, those who answered “others”, specifically pointed out the absence of measures for ecological preservation and the permission for vehicle traffic inside the beach (i.e., Atalaia Beach) as worrying observations. Still, 84.3% of respondents said they were unaware of any educational actions for the environment in the municipality where the beach is located, and that they feel very dissatisfied (84.1%) in relation to the garbage observed on the beaches they frequent (Table 2).

Table 1 - Main problems of the beaches of Northern Brazil according to interviewed people, 2022.

Main problems	Number of observation (%)
Litter	56 (80%)
Wastewater	41 (58.6%)
Lack of infrastructure	36 (51.4%)
Toilet facilities	32 (45.7%)
Occupations (disordered dwellings)	23 (32.9%)
Domestic animals	20 (28.6%)
Other	4 (5.7%)

Table 2 - People behavior and perception in relation to litter contamination and the environment on the northern Brazilian Coast, 2022.

Questions	Answers	Number (%)
Do you know of environmental education actions that are developed in this municipality?	Yes	7 (10)
	No	59 (84.3)
	Maybe	4 (5.7)
How do you feel about the amount of garbage you see on the beach that you usually go to?	Unsatisfied	57 (81.4)
	Pouco satisfeito	9 (12.9)
	Satisfied	1 (1.4)
	Very satisfied	2 (2.9)
	I do not know	1 (1.4)
Is there coastal vegetation on the beach you visit?	Yes	46 (65.7)
	No	6 (8.6)
	I do not know	18 (25.7)
Do you know or know what mangroves, marshes and apicuns are?	Yes	33 (47.1)
	No	17 (24.3)
	Maybe	20 (28.6)
Have you ever visited the interior of one of these vegetated ecosystems?	Yes	24 (34.3)
	No	41 (58.6)
	Maybe	5 (7.1)
Do you often consume foods such as shrimp, crabs, turus, and fish when you go to the coast?	Yes	52 (74.3)
	No	13 (18.6)
	Maybe	5 (7.1)

When questioned about the garbage produced during the visit to the beach, the vast majority (94.3%) say they separate the garbage in their own bag to be discarded at the end, followed by (7.1%) those who leave the garbage with someone to be discarded (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - People behavior and perception in relation to litter contamination on the northern Brazilian Coast, 2022.

Coastal vegetation was noted by 65.7% of beach users, however only 47.1% said they recognized mangrove, saltmarsh and apicum vegetation (Table 2). Additionally, the vast majority (58.6%) have never visited the interior of these environments, but they frequently consume (74.3%) shrimp, crabs, turus and fish (Table 2).

Discussion

In this study, 70 people kindly answered the online questionnaire, showing themselves to be extremely concerned about the changes in the landscape of the beaches on the north coast of Brazil. It is worth noting that the sample was mostly composed of people with a higher level of education (higher education), a fact that biased the analysis towards a greater understanding of the anthropogenic impacts on coastal vegetation. Such environmental modifications, to the detriment of the forms of use by society, and their effects that were previously restricted to the local or regional scale, are gaining more and more global scales, drastically modifying the climate, ecosystems and consequently the patterns of biodiversity (MEINE, 2010; COELHO, 2020). In this context, environmental education aims to involve citizens in environmentally correct actions, preferably aiming to care for nature, through debates and conferences that assume not only an educational and environmental bias, but also a social and, above all, political one (DA-SILVA-ROSA et al., 2015; FERREIRA et al., 2020). It is worth noting that approximately 75% of respondents have completed or incomplete higher education, which leads us to believe that they may have already had access to information relevant to environmental impacts and/or measures to mitigate these impacts.

Nineteen beaches along the north coast were highlighted by the interviewees, where we can see that most of them are close to the capitals (i.e., Macapá – Amapá state and Belém – Pará state). The choice of beaches close to the users' cities of origin suggests an attempt to maximize their financial resources, where the savings achieved with the transfer, for example, can be invested with leisure activities and consumer goods on the destination beach (RABAHY et al., 2009). Additionally, because these beaches enter the Amazon estuary (i.e., greatly attenuated salinity), we observed a drastic change in plant characteristics, where restinga vegetation and herbaceous plants predominate, with mangrove vegetation being very punctual, however, still striking (for details see AMARAL et al., 2008; MENEZES et al., 2008).

The frequent presence of garbage on the beaches of the north coast was the main factor observed by the interviewed users, followed by sewage. This issue is already known and the subject of scientific and political discussions in various parts of the world, such as in South Africa (MADZENA; LASIAK, 1997; BALLANCE et al., 2000), Indonesia (WILLOUGHBY et al., 1997), United Kingdom (WILLIAMS; SIMMONS, 1997) and also in Brazil (SANTOS et al., 2005; ANDRADES et al., 2020). ANDRADES et al. (2020), highlighted the strong presence of plastic, cigarette butts, glass, metal and other materials present on the Brazilian coast, especially in the north. Furthermore, the north Brazilian coast is strongly influenced by the plume of the Amazon River and the north Brazilian current (CNB) (SILVA et al., 2005), a fact that would facilitate the dispersion of this garbage produced on our coast in various parts of the adjacent ocean. Studies already highlight that this garbage, especially plastic, once dispersed in the aquatic environment can affect all the fauna present (LI et al., 2016; VERMEIREN et al., 2016) and yet the man himself (CARBERY et al., 2018). This concern was demonstrated by users, when asked if they believed that this garbage could cause any problems for the beach, animals or people.

“Yes, animals can be intoxicated with garbage, or even people/animals can be hurt by sharp objects, for example: beer bottle.”

Ignorance in any environmental educational actions was raised by 84.3% of respondents, and who still feel very dissatisfied with the garbage observed on the beaches where they frequent. One of the viable alternatives to raising society's awareness about the production of its solid waste and the consequent environmental, financial and social impact can be through advertising and education at all levels of education (MACIEL, 2020).

Another problem highlighted by users, specifically those who visit Farol Velho and Atalaia beaches in Salinópolis-PA, was the presence of car traffic on the beach, which would make adequate space for leisure, especially for children, unfeasible. Additionally, species belonging to infauna may suffer from these anthropic actions, due to major disturbances on the sediment leading to loss of habitats (LORENZI et al., 2023). The Brazilian Traffic Code (CTB) in the sole paragraph of article 2 of Law 9.503/97, defines what are considered land routes for public circulation, the beach is considered one of them. However, each municipality is able to define its own rules of use, thus safeguarding the natural features and protecting pedestrians (FONSECA, 2018). SCHERER (2013), points out that the main problems regarding beach management are generally associated with a lack of knowledge about the natural environment and the absence of citizen participation in decision-making.

The vast majority of users interviewed (i.e., 65.7%) claimed to be aware of the vegetation on the beaches they visit, however, only 47.1% know how to differentiate the vegetation of mangroves, marshes, apicuns, among others. Still, the majority stated that they had never visited the interior of these habitats, but that they frequently consume shrimp, crabs, turus and fish. The lack of knowledge about these vegetation’s is to make clear the lack of knowledge about the diversity in fauna and flora, their environmental, economic and social, direct and indirect values for society (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989). In the case of mangroves, for example, formality is waived as a conservation unit, since it is already considered an ecosystem destined for permanent preservation (article 2, Federal Law No. 4,771 of 9/15/65) and as an Ecological Reserve, “in all its extension” (articles 1° and 3°, Resolution of CONAMA N° 004, September 18, 1985) (SCHAEFFER-NOVELLI, 1989). However, even so, in mid-2020 the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment tried to extinguish this protection, putting natural resources in check due to industrial activities (SHALDERS, 2020; MELO, 2021). The loss of this habitat (e.g., mangrove suppression on a stretch of Maçarico beach, in Salinópolis-PA, for the construction of a seafront; Figure 4) would be harmful to a large population contingent that uses the mangroves as a means of subsistence or to obtain income, through the extraction of animals such as mollusks (mussels, oysters, turus) and crustaceans (shrimp of various species, crabs and uçá-crab) (MENEZES; MEHLIG, 2009; DIAS et al., 2022).

Figure 4 - Mangrove suppression on a stretch of Maçarico beach, in Salinópolis-PA, 2023 (Photo: Authors, December 28, 2023).

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study shows that a significant portion of the users of beaches on the north coast interviewed were unaware of educational actions to avoid or minimize environmental impacts on beaches, mainly for vegetated habitats. However, they showed great concern with all environmental disturbances:

“Make more trash cans available and greater action by bar owners to collect or inform their customers to keep their garbage to be collected when they leave.”

“I think that the long-term solution would be to include a regular subject of Environmental Education in the school curriculum, from primary school to the end of high school. Thus, we would have the formation of an environmental conscience in the future frequenter of these places. But, right now, there needs to be more campaigns to hold people accountable on the beaches and more government oversight, as well as tougher fines for those who degrade the coastal environment.”

Some measures to mitigate the impacts of solid waste on beaches could involve interactive activities with local residents (e.g., lectures, distribution of pamphlets with information on the issue of waste to human and animal health), the availability of an adequate number of accessible waste bins, as well as their regular maintenance. In addition to awareness campaigns that highlight the potential dangers associated with garbage for visitors, the use of security cameras, designed to catch potential polluters so that they can be fined. Additionally, it is worth noting that the relationship between man and the environment is constant, so actions involving society and public policies aimed at conservation and sustainability are necessary and necessary for a good coexistence in nature.

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